Aerosol optical properties derived from imultaneoussunphotometer and aureolemeter measurements in Lhasa

In order to obtain some aerosol properties in Tibetan Plateau atmosphere, simultaneous measurements of aerosols by use of a sunphotometer and an aureolementer were performed in the summer of 1998 in Lhasa(29.65°N, 91.13°E). Optical depth, volume size distribution and phase-function of aerosols were obtained from the measurements. Religious activities can have an effect on optical depth in Lhasa. The daily average aerosol optical depth(λ相似文献   

Effect of chlorpyrifos on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that acts as an insecticide-acaricide by ingestion, contact, and inhalation, and is now widely used in greenhouse for the control of pests. The dissipation of chlorpyrifos in crops such as orange fruit （Martinez-Vidal et al., 1998）, tomatoes（Aysal et al., 1999）, soil and its effects on soil microbial characteristics （Singh et al., 2002） has been reported frequently. However, little information is available to describe impacts of chlorpyrifos on soil microbial population and enzyme activity in greenhouse. In this study, the effect of chlorpyrifos on soil bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and soil enzyme activity was investigated.     

适用于多指标的水质指数公式

通过适当设定水质指标的“基准”值 ,用相对于“基准”值的指标相对值替换对数形式的指数公式中的水质指标值 ,采用遗传算法优化不同指标的指数公式中的参数 ,得到对多项指标通用的水质普适指数公式 ;并用折衷型激励功效函数将单项指标的指数加权为综合指数。该公式形式简单 ,易于计算 ,使用方便 ;具有客观性、可比性和通用性     

辽东湾海冰中微生物的分离

本文报道了辽东湾４个采样点海冰样品中异差细菌异养真菌、粪大菌群等微生物的分离，并用海水和淡水培养基分别对其进行了菌数分离比较，同时还对其中两个采样的冰下水与沉积物样品做了分离对照。结果表明，海冰（化冰水）样品中异养细菌的丰度为：１０＾３－１０＾５ＣＦＵ／ｄｍ＾３，异养真菌为：１０＾１－１０＾２ＣＦＵ／ｄｍ＾３；弧菌为；〈１０＾２－１０＾３ＣＦＵ／ｄｍ＾３；石油烃降解菌为：１０＾２－１０＾４ＣＦＵ／     

防震减灾与社区建设

本文从建设安全社区,打造平安城市,构建和谐社会的角度,分析阐述了防震减灾工作在构建和谐社会中的基础作用。     

Fuzzy dynamic risk-based maintenance investment optimization for offshore process facilities

A methodology for maintenance planning is developed which helps in improving the reliability of the components and safety performance in process facilities. This methodology helps design an optimum safety maintenance investment plan by integrating the optimization techniques and a fuzzy dynamic risk-based method. Intuitionistic Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (IFAHP) is applied to deal with uncertain data. The proposed approach employs multi-experts’ knowledge which helps to optimize the maintenance investments. A separator system in an offshore process facility platform is selected as a case study to demonstrate the application of the proposed methodology. A practical example in the separator system is surveyed and potential failures and Basic Events (BEs) are identified. Finally, a risk-based maintenance plan is provided for future safety investment analysis. The results indicate that the developed methodology estimates the risk more accurately, which enhances the reliability of future process operations.     

高危岗位矿工心理倦怠对注意执行功能的影响

为探究心智游移在倦怠和注意执行功能间的作用机制,有效减少由负性心理状态引起的不安全行为,降低人因事故发生率。在文献研究的基础上,引入心智游移,采用SART范式和AX-CPT范式,以问卷筛选出的100位国有煤炭企业高危岗位作业人员为研究对象,讨论倦怠、心智游移和个体注意执行功能之间的关系。研究结果表明:高频AX试次会引起惯性反应偏向,被试者需要更多的时间来维持线索字母A和解决无效线索B与有效探针X之间的冲突;高倦怠矿工比低倦怠矿工的注意执行控制功能更易受到高频心智游移的影响;心智游移在倦怠与注意执行功能间起到调节作用。     

隧道内氨气泄漏扩散分布特征数值模拟

为分析运输过程中液氨罐车在隧道内泄漏的危险性,利用Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS)软件模拟氨气在隧道内的扩散过程,发展了隧道内氨气泄漏扩散体积分数分布特征经验公式。采用大涡模拟处理湍流流动,以便兼顾计算精度和计算效率。考虑储罐车发生泄漏后停止不动,液氨在泄漏瞬间转变为气体,模拟在连续点源泄漏情况下的氨气射流及扩散过程。结果表明,高体积分数危险区域主要集中在隧道顶棚附近,更高截面的体积分数处于爆炸极限的区域更长。泄漏源与洞口之间的隧道中段区域的体积分数梯度相对两端较小,此中段区域也是人员安全高度截面最高氨气体积分数发生位置。最大泄漏量情况下氨气在沿纵向扩散过程中平均运动速率保持在0.63~1.06 m/s,扩散速率随纵向距离增加而降低。顶棚氨气体积分数升高程度随纵向距离增加呈幂函数降低,体积分数沿纵向衰减规律适用于其他泄漏量的情况。后期工作可考虑开展缩尺试验,并同时考虑通风条件等因素对氨气泄漏扩散的影响研究。发展的氨气在隧道内泄漏扩散的体积分数分布经验公式可为氨气事故后果评价、应急处置等工作提供参考。     

Inclusion of phone use while driving data in predicting distraction-affected crashes

Introduction: Given the tremendous number of lives lost or injured, distracted driving is an important safety area to study. With the widespread use of cellphones, phone use while driving has become the most common distracted driving behavior. Although researchers have developed safety performance functions (SPFs) for various crash types, SPFs for distraction-affected crashes are rarely studied in the literature. One possible reason is the lack of critical distracted behavior information in the commonly used safety data (i.e., roadway inventory, traffic, and crash counts). Recently, the frequency of phone use while driving (referred to as phone use data) is recorded by mobile application companies and has become available to safety researchers. The primary objective of this study is to examine if phone use data can potentially predict distracted-affected crashes. Method: The authors first integrated phone use data with roadway inventory, traffic, and crash data in Texas. Then, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was applied to assess the significance of the feature - phone use while driving - for predicting the number of distraction-affected crashes on a road segment. Further, this study developed two SPFs for distraction-affected crashes with and without the phone use data, separately. Both SPFs were assessed in terms of model fitting and prediction performances. Results: RF results rank the frequency of phone use as an important factor contributing to the number of distraction-affected crashes. Performance evaluations indicated that the inclusion of phone use data in the SPFs consistently improved both fitting and prediction abilities to predict distracted-affected crashes. Practical Applications: The phone use data provide new insights into the safety analyses of distraction-affected crashes, which cannot be achieved by only using the conventional roadway inventory and crash data. Therefore, safety researchers and practitioners are encouraged to incorporate the emerging data sources in reducing distraction-affected crashes.     

基于未确知测度的岩体稳定性多元联系度评价模型*

为准确评定岩体稳定性等级,引入未确知测度理论、多元联系度理论和同异反确定不确定体系,建立基于未确知测度的岩体稳定性多元联系度评价模型。该模型通过指标组合权重值和单指标测度矩阵,得出多指标综合测度矩阵、同异反联系度矩阵和模糊评价矩阵。并借助多元联系度定量计算待评岩体的评价等级、定性分析及准确预判岩体稳定性的发展趋势,较好地优化置信度评价过程,克服传统模型不能定量表达不确定性因素的缺陷,而且拓展指标隶属等级交叉的特性。以1号岩体为例,研究结果表明:岩体的稳定性等级为Ⅲ级,处于基本稳定状态,但有着向不稳定状态（Ⅳ级）移动的趋势。模型的评价结果与实际结果相吻合,说明应用该模型评判岩体稳定性等级是有效可行的。